Wiring
*Main Wire Harness: Connects all electrical components of the vehicle.
*Auxiliary Harnesses: Provide power to specific systems such as the audio or lighting system.
* Wires: Copper conductors of different sizes used to transmit current.
Battery
* A DC source that powers the vehicle’s electrical components.
* Battery types: lead-acid, gel, AGM (absorbent glass mat).
Charger
* Converts alternating current from the generator to direct current to charge the battery.
*Adjusts voltage and current to optimize charging.
Generator
* A device that converts the mechanical energy of the engine into electrical energy.
* Provides constant current to charge batteries and power electrical appliances.
Relay
* Electromechanical switches that control the flow of current.
* Controlled by electrical signal or sensor.
Fuses and switches
* Safety devices that cut off the electrical current if the limit is exceeded.
*Fuses: Disposable devices that burn out to prevent damage.
* Switches: Reusable devices that can be manually turned on or off.
Electronic control modules
* Computers that control the operation of various vehicle systems.
* For example, Engine Control Unit (ECU), Transmission Control Module (TCM).
Electrical appliances
* Headlights, turn signals, lights, electric motors, audio system, climate control.
Grounding
* Establishes an electrical connection with the car body.
* Provides a return path for electrical current.
Diagnostics and troubleshooting
*Multimeter: A measuring instrument used to test voltage, current and resistance.
* Electrical Diagram: A diagram showing the connections and components of an electrical system.
* Diagnostic Scanner: A device that connects to electronic control modules to determine fault codes.