Car wiring
Main components:
* Battery: Stores electrical energy and supplies it to other components.
* Alternator: Charges the battery and provides power to the vehicle’s electrical systems.
* Starter: Turns the engine on.
* Electronic Control Unit (ECU): Monitors and controls various electrical and electronic systems.
* Fuses and relays: Protect the electrical system from overloads and short circuits.
* Wires and cables: Convey electrical current from one component to another.
Basic wiring diagrams:
*Single wire system: The car body is used as the grounding path.
* Two-wire system: Separate wires are used for current supply and grounding.
*Multi-wire system: Multiple wires are used for different circuits.
Power circuits:
* Starting Circuit: Provides power to the starter motor to start the engine.
* Charging circuit: Charges the battery from the generator.
* Lighting Circuits: Controls headlights, side lights and other light sources.
* Motor Control Circuits: Monitors and controls the motor.
* Comfort Circuits: Provides power to accessories such as power windows, rear view mirrors and radios.
Electrical faults
* Weak or discharged battery: Difficult to start or completely unable to start.
* Faulty alternator: Insufficient power to electrical systems or undercharged battery.
*Blown fuses: Turn off certain circuits to prevent damage.
* Broken or shorted wiring: Electric current cannot reach components.
* Faulty ECU: Problems with control and monitoring of electrical systems.
Troubleshooting
* Battery test: Measure the voltage and capacity of the battery.
* Generator check: Check the output voltage and current.
* Checking fuses: Find and replace blown fuses.
* Wiring check: Check the wires for breaks or short circuits.
* Diagnosis by ECU: Use OBD-II scanner to read trouble codes.
Precautions when working with car electrical systems
* Disconnect the battery before performing any work.
* Wear safety glasses and gloves.
*Use appropriate tools and equipment.
* Avoid contact with hot components.
* Avoid working with damaged or damaged wires.