The principle of operation of car electrics
A vehicle’s electrical system performs important functions such as running the engine, lighting, signals, and other components. Here’s how it works:
1. Power supply
* Battery: Stores electrical energy and provides power to the vehicle’s electrical components when the engine is not running.
* Alternator: Charges the battery and provides power to electrical components when the engine is running.
2. Starter
* Turns on when you turn the ignition key and starts the engine.
*Uses current from the battery to rotate the engine crankshaft.
3. Ignition system
* Creates an electric spark to ignite the air-fuel mixture in the engine cylinders.
* Includes spark plugs, ignition coil and ignition control module (ECM).
4. Lighting system
*Includes headlights, taillights, turn signals and taillights.
* Receives power from a battery or generator.
5. Signal system
* Provides sound and light signals for the driver and other road users.
* Includes horn, turn signals and hazard lights.
6. Comfort system
* Controls various comfort functions such as air conditioning, power windows and door locks.
*Can be controlled manually or automatically using electronic modules.
7. Electronic control systems
* Used to monitor and control various vehicle systems.
* Includes ECM, Transmission Control Module (TM), Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS) Control Module and others.
8. Electrical wiring
* Connects various electrical components and transmits current.
*Uses wires and connectors to ensure reliable transmission of electricity.
9. Fuses and relays
* Fuses protect circuits from overcurrent by breaking the circuit.
* Relays act as switches controlled by electronic signals.
10. Grounding
* The electrical system operates relative to the vehicle body ground.
* The body serves as the electrical ground for completing electrical circuits.