Basics of Car Electrical Systems
Battery
*Car power supply.
* Stores electrical energy and supplies it to the system.
Generator
* Converts mechanical energy (from engine rotation) into electrical energy.
* Charges the battery and powers the vehicle’s electrical systems while the engine is running.
Fuses and relays
* Protect the electrical system from overloads and short circuits.
* Fuses blow when there is excessive current, cutting off power.
* Relays switch high currents and loads on and off, protecting circuits from overheating.
Electrical circuits
* Paths along which electric current flows.
* Consists of wires, components and power supplies.
* They can be serial (all components are connected along one line) and parallel (components are connected by parallel branches).
Main Electrical Components
Lighting: headlights, taillights, turn signals
Engine control systems: sensors, ECU
Infotainment systems: audio, navigation, communications
Comfort and convenience: power windows, air conditioning, heated seats
Troubleshooting
*Check the fuses and relays first.
* Use a voltmeter to measure the voltage at the battery and other points.
* Check wires and connections for damage or looseness.
*Consult a professional electrician if the problem cannot be determined or corrected.
Safety when working with car electricity
* Disconnect the battery before performing any work.
* Wear gloves and safety glasses.
*Never jumper the battery.
* Use only certified electrical components and tools.
*Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions when replacing or installing components.