Vehicle electrical system
Introduction
The vehicle’s electrical system is responsible for powering and controlling various electrical and electronic components, such as:
* Headlights and lanterns
* Starter
* Ignition system
*AC converter
* Audio system
* Air conditioner
Main components
Battery
The battery stores chemical energy and provides electricity to start the engine and power electrical systems.
Generator
The generator produces electricity when the engine is running and charges the battery.
Starter
The starter uses electricity from the battery to start the engine.
Fuses and relays
Fuses protect electrical circuits from overcurrent, and relays turn electrical components on and off.
Wire harnesses
Wiring harnesses connect various electrical components.
Electrical Control Module (ECM)
The ECM is a computer that controls the vehicle’s electrical systems and diagnoses faults.
Types of electrical systems
Direct current (DC) system
DC systems use a constant flow of electrons. The battery and generator in a DC system provide a constant voltage (usually 12 or 24 volts).
Alternating current (AC) system
AC systems use a variable flow of electrons. The generator in an AC system produces alternating current, which is converted to direct current to power electrical systems.
Hybrid electric system
Hybrid electric systems use both a DC and AC system. They combine an internal combustion engine with electric motors to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions.
Electrical Problems and Troubleshooting
Common electrical problems:
*Dead battery
* Faulty generator
*Blown fuse
* Poor contact in wiring harness
* Problems with ECM
Troubleshooting Tips:
* Check the battery for corrosion or loose connections.
* Check the generator voltage.
* Replace blown fuses.
* Check wiring harnesses for damage or wear.
* Carry out ECM diagnostics using an OBD-II scanner.
Precautions when working with vehicle electricity
* Disconnect the battery before performing any work.
* Wear insulated gloves and safety glasses.
*Use insulated tools.
* Do not touch exposed wires or terminals.
*Seek help from a qualified mechanic if you are unsure of your electrical knowledge or skills.