Basic electrical principles for a car
Electrical diagram
A vehicle’s electrical circuit is an interconnected network of components that supplies power and controls the vehicle’s systems. It includes:
* Battery
* Generator
* Starter
* Electrical harnesses
* Fuses
* Relay
Electric current
Electric current is the flow of charged particles (electrons) through a conductor. It is measured in amperes (A).
Electrical voltage
Electrical voltage is the potential difference between two points in an electrical circuit. It is measured in volts (V).
Electrical resistance
Electrical resistance is a measure of how much a conductor resists the flow of current. It is measured in ohms (ohms).
Ohm’s law
Ohm’s law establishes the relationship between current, voltage and resistance in an electrical circuit:
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Current (A) = Voltage (V) / Resistance (Ohm)
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Electrical components
* Battery: Stores electrical energy and provides power to the vehicle when the engine is off.
* Generator: Converts mechanical energy from the engine into electrical energy and charges the battery.
*Starter: Uses electrical energy from the battery to start the engine.
* Fuses: Protect electrical circuits from overcurrent, blowing when the safe level is exceeded.
* Relays: Control electrical circuits by making or opening contacts.
Electrical systems
* Ignition system: Provides the formation of a spark to ignite the fuel-air mixture in the engine cylinders.
* Lighting system: Provides visibility for the driver and other road users.
* Fuel Supply System: Regulates the fuel supply to the engine.
* Engine Management System: Monitors engine operation to ensure optimal performance and fuel economy.
Electrical system malfunctions
Common signs of faulty electrical systems are:
* Dim or non-functioning headlights
* Problems starting the engine
* Faulty turn signals
* Constantly lit warning lights
* Smell of burnt insulation
Diagnostics and troubleshooting
The following tools and techniques are used to diagnose and troubleshoot electrical systems:
* Multimeter
* Test lamp
* Electrical diagrams
*Service manuals
* Trouble code scanner