Vehicle electrical system
A vehicle’s electrical system is made up of several components that work together to provide power, start the engine, and operate various electrical components.
Generator
The generator converts the mechanical energy of the engine into electrical energy. It is driven by a belt and generates alternating current (AC).
Battery
The battery stores electrical energy to start the engine and power electrical components when the engine is not running.
Starter
The starter is an electric motor that rotates the engine crankshaft during starting. It will be powered by a battery.
Voltage regulator
The voltage regulator regulates the generator’s output voltage to maintain a constant voltage in the electrical system.
Fuses and relays
Fuses and relays protect the electrical system from overcurrent and short circuits. Fuses are small devices that blow when a certain current is exceeded. Relays are electromagnetic switches that direct current into an electrical system.
Wiring
Electrical system wiring connects various components and allows electrical current to flow through the system.
How the electrical system works
Starting the engine
When you turn the ignition key, current from the battery flows to the starter. The starter rotates the crankshaft, which powers the engine.
Electricity generation
When the engine is running, the generator produces alternating current (AC). A voltage regulator converts alternating current into direct current (DC), which is used to power electrical components and charge the battery.
Electricity supply
Electrical components such as lights, fans and the instrument panel receive power from the alternator or battery depending on whether the engine is running or not.
Charging the battery
The alternator charges the battery while the engine is running. This provides a constant source of electrical energy even when the engine is turned off.