Vehicle electrical system
A vehicle’s electrical system powers various electrical components such as the engine, lighting, sound system, and other safety and convenience features. It consists of several main components:
Battery
* Stores electrical charge and provides power when the engine is not running.
* Typically lead acid or lithium ion.
Generator
* Converts mechanical energy from the motor into electrical energy.
* Charges the battery and powers electrical components while the engine is running.
Starter
* An electric motor that runs a car’s engine.
* Consumes a lot of current from the battery.
Electrical wiring
* A network system of wires and cables that connects various electrical components.
Controls
* Switches, buttons and other controls that allow the driver to operate electrical systems.
Fuses and relays
* Protect the electrical system from overloads.
* Fuses break the electrical circuit when the current exceeds a safe level.
* Relays turn electrical circuits on and off using an electromagnetic switch.
Electronic control units (ECU)
* Computer modules that control various electrical systems and functions.
* Use sensors and software to control ignition, fuel injection, braking and other systems.
Basic functions
The vehicle’s electrical system performs many important functions, including:
* Starting the engine
* Power supply for electrical components
* Electronic systems management
* Providing lighting and alarm
* Overload protection
* Providing comfort and convenience (eg radio, air conditioning)
Care and maintenance
Regular care and maintenance of your vehicle’s electrical system is critical to its proper operation and longevity:
* Check the battery and terminals for corrosion and looseness.
* Replace the battery every 3-5 years.
* Watch for signs of generator trouble, such as dim lights or difficulty starting.
* Check electrical wiring regularly for damage or signs of wear.
* Make sure fuses and relays are working properly.
* Avoid overloading the electrical system by excessive use of electrical appliances or accessories.